关系匹配背后的科学

丹丁-鲁兰德C，劳伦特R，达拉拉I，图潘斯B和夏克斯R（2019年） 人类 MHC 不相配交配的基因组证据

Birnbaum GE, Zholtack K, Mizrahi M & Ein-Dor T (2019) 苦药：停用口服避孕药增强了人们的吸引力另类伴侣 Evolutionary Psychological Science volume 5, pages 276–285

*** 激素避孕药会改变女性对伴侣的偏好，使其倾向于更具抚育能力的男性，但停止使用激素避孕药会使这些偏好恢复，特别是在高受精期，会增强对更具基因兼容性的男性的吸引力，可能会激发对其他伴侣的追求。

Wedekind C (2019) 气味的愉悦度与强度之间的预测互动为女性的主要组织相容性复合体社交信号提供了证据。. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20172714.

*** 本文描述了主要组织相容性复合物（MHC）与人类气味偏好之间的联系，辩论了以往的发现，并分析了腋下刮毛和其他因素如何影响身体气味的感知及其与MHC的联系，重新分析过去的数据表明，气味的芳香度和强度可以与MHC的不相似性相互作用，从而通过气味影响社会信号传递，暗示MHC、气味感知和社会交流之间存在着微妙的关系。

Wu K, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Nuno M, Yu Z and Greenberger E (2018) 不仅仅是肤浅：基于主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的亚洲美国人快速约会者之间的吸引力 Evolution and Human Behavior. 39(4):447-456.

*** 在速配约会的背景下，女性（但不是男性）通过SNP分析表现出对伴侣的主要组织相容性（MHC）的偏好，不同的SNP根据与主要HLA基因的接近程度有不同的吸引力，MHC基索引与自我报告的人格特征在预测双方第二次约会的机会时具有可比的影响。

Henningsson S, Hovey D, Vass K, Walum H, Sandnabba K, Santtila P, Jern P, Westberg L (2017) 在假定的费洛蒙受体基因VN1R1中，存在一个错义多态性与社会性行为相关。. Transl Psychiatry. 7(4):e1102.

*** 研究发现，VN1R1基因的多态性与女性的社会性行为有显著关联，尤其是与一夜情有关，这表明化学信号可能在调节人类社会互动中发挥作用，该基因与人类鼻腔嗅觉类型-1受体1（促进信息素作用的系统的一部分）有关。

Burger D、Meuwly C、Marti E、Sieme H、Oberthür M、Janda J、Meinecke-Tillmann S 和 Wedekind C（2017） 在滋养期母马（Equus caballus）中与MHC相关的偏好。

Sherlock JM, Sidari MJ, Harris EA, Barlow FK, Zietsch BP (2016) 测试女性高潮的配偶选择假说：理清特征和行为 . Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. 6:31562.

*** 研究表明，女性在与不同伴侣的性行为中会有不同的高潮频率，这些伴侣被认为更有幽默感、创造力、温暖、忠诚，并且更能体会伴侣的性满足感，这部分支持了女性高潮作为选择优质伴侣的机制的假设，即配偶选择假说。

Kromer J, Hummel T, Pietrowski D, Giani AS, Sauter J, Ehninger G, Schmidt AH, Croy I (2016) HLA对人类伴侣关系和性满足的影响. Sci Rep. 6:32550.

*** 研究表明，在人类中，HLA（免疫系统的一个遗传组件）的不相似性可能通过检测与遗传兼容性相关的嗅觉线索来影响配偶选择和性满足，类似于其他动物中观察到的机制，促进后代的遗传多样性和对病原体的抗性。

Wlodarski R. and Dunbar RIM. (2015) 吻中有什么？浪漫亲吻对伴侣吸引力的影响. Evol Psychol. ; 12(1): 178–199.

*** 这项研究发现，被认为的浪漫接吻能力会影响对潜在伴侣的评价，尤其是在休闲性行为情境中，对女性的吸引力会更大，而在某些交配情景中，视觉线索可以抵消接吻相关信息的影响，但有吸引力的视觉信息对男性的影响似乎更为显著，这暗示了接吻在传达伴侣质量和吸引力方面与其他线索一起扮演多面向的角色。

Burger D、Dolivo G、Marti E、Sieme H和Wedekind C（2015） 雌性大型主要组织相容性复合体类型会影响马（Equus caballus）的睾丸素水平和精子数量。

Christakis NA and Fowler JH (2014) 友谊与自然选择 PNAS. 11:10796–10801.

*** 研究表明，人类倾向于与在整个基因组上具有相似基因型（类似四代表亲）的人结成友谊，而且在朋友之间，某些基因型呈正相关（同性偏好），而另一些则呈负相关（异性偏好），其中某些基因集与嗅觉和免疫系统有关，提出朋友可能充当“功能亲属”，并暗示同性偏好的基因型可能提供协同的适应优势，这些优势可能影响了近代人类的进化。

Laurent R and Chaix R (2012) 在假定的费洛蒙受体基因VN1R1中，存在一个错义多态性与社会性行为相关。 BioEssays. 34(4):267-71.

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Lie HC, Simmons LH and Rhodes G (2010) 在人类孤立群体中关于HLA、繁殖能力和配偶选择的研究 . Evolution and Human Behavior 31:8–58.

*** This study explores the influence of genetic factors, particularly the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), on mate preferences in humans, discovering that males tend to prefer MHC-dissimilar females in both short-term and long-term mating contexts, while genetic diversity impacts both male and female partner preferences across different mating contexts, thus supporting a significant role for the MHC in human mate selection and suggesting that these preferences might function to enhance genetic diversity in offspring.

Lie HC, Rhodes G and Simmons LH (2010) 在人类孤立群体中关于HLA、繁殖能力和配偶选择的研究? Animal Behaviour. 79, 4:903-909

*** This study indicates that in humans, particularly females, genetic diversity, especially within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is associated with greater mating success, measured by the number of sexual partners, supporting the concept that genetic factors, potentially related to immune system functioning, play a role in human mating success, while no significant association was found in males.

Chaix R, Cao C, and Donnelly P (2008) 在人类孤立群体中关于HLA、繁殖能力和配偶选择的研究? PLOS Genetics, 4 (9)

*** The study indicates that while European American populations may prefer MHC-dissimilar mates, selecting for diversity in offspring's immune systems, such a pattern is not found in the examined African population, suggesting MHC's influence on mate choice can be context-dependent and potentially shaped by various factors.

Schwensow N, Fietz J, Dausmann K, Sommer S (2008) MHC-associated mating strategies and the importance of overall genetic diversity in an obligate pair-living primate . Evol Ecol. (22) 617-636

*** The study explores mate choice in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur, finding females prefer males with greater MHC-genetic diversity and lower MHC overlap as both social and genetic fathers, while overall genetic heterozygosity and relatedness do not significantly influence mate selection; extra-pair matings might occur to mitigate genetic incompatibility, highlighting a complex interplay of "good-genes-as-heterozygosity" and "disassortative mating" hypotheses in primate mating strategies.

Wedekind C (2007) HLA对人类伴侣关系和性满足的影响 Evolutionary Psychology.5(2): 330-343

*** This experiment reveals a connection between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the verbal descriptions of human body odors, demonstrating that professional perfumers can, to some extent, articulate MHC-correlated body odor components, underscoring the MHC's influence on human olfactory perception and possibly, mate selection, given the MHC's critical role in immune system functioning and previously noted impact on body odor and mate choice.

Garver-Apgar CE, Gangestad SW, Thornill R, Miller RD and Olp JJ (2006) MHC II类相容性在有反复自然流产的夫妇的流产胎儿和足月婴儿中的研究 Psychol Sci, 17(10): 830-835.

*** In the context of romantic couples, the study finds that as the proportion of shared Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles increases, women’s sexual responsivity to their partners decreases, while their number of extra-pair sexual partners and attraction to men other than their primary partners, especially during their fertile phase, increases, suggesting that MHC-dissimilarity might play a role in sexual attraction and partner selection, potentially driven by underlying genetic and reproductive strategies to enhance offspring immunocompetence by maintaining genetic diversity.

Roberts CE, Gosling LM, Carter V and Petrie M (2006) HLA对人类伴侣关系和性满足的影响 Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 2715–2722

*** This study investigates how oral contraceptives influence women's preferences for certain male odours, which are known to be influenced by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Previous research has indicated that female preference for MHC-dissimilar male odour may function to increase offspring heterozygosity or minimize inbreeding. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that women using oral contraceptives tend to prefer the scent of MHC-similar males, which runs contrary to this logic. The study utilized a longitudinal design to test women before and after initiating contraceptive pill use, comparing their preferences to a control group of non-pill users. While the study didn’t find a significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men during the follicular cycle phase in general, it did unearth that single women tended to prefer the odour of MHC-similar men, whereas women in relationships leaned towards the odour of MHC-dissimilar men. This latter finding aligns.

Wedekind C (2006) HLA对人类伴侣关系和性满足的影响 ? Evolutionary Psychology. 4:85-94

*** This research discerns relationships between a few MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) genes and the intensity and pleasantness of men's body odors, discovering that men with at least one homozygous MHC antigen don't emit notably more intense odors than heterozygotes, yet their scents are perceived as significantly stronger by women with dissimilar MHC.

Pause BM, Krauel K, Schrader C, Sojka B, Westphal E, Mu¨ller-Ruchholtz W, and Ferstl R. (2006) The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 471–478 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3342

*** This study reveals that humans subconsciously detect and respond to body odors from individuals with similar HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genetic markers, which might play a critical role in social interactions and mate selection by acting as subtle social signals within both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships..

Martins Y, Preti G, Crabtree CR, Runyan T, Vainius AA and Wysocki CJ (2005) Preference for Human Body Odors Is Influenced by Gender and Sexual Orientation . Psychological Science, 16(9) 694-702

*** This study demonstrates that sexual orientation and gender influence individuals' preferences for human body odors, with heterosexual and homosexual males and females showcasing distinct two-choice preferences when presented with body odors from individuals of different gender and sexual orientation combinations, implying that body odor can be a factor in sexual and social partner selection.

Horton R, Wilming L, Rand V, Lovering RC, Bruford EA, Khodiyar VK, Lush MJ, Povey S, Talbot CC Jr, Wright MW, Wain HM, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A, Beck S (2004) 职业发展：你的类型是什么 MHC. Nat Rev Genet 5(12):889-899

*** This study characterises an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC, a pivotal region in the vertebrate genome for infection and autoimmunity due to its essential role in both adaptive and innate immunity, highlighting its significant content related to paralogy, polymorphism, immune functionality, and its association with various diseases, providing a comprehensive view stemming from the assimilation of data from several large-scale studies..

Jacob S, McClitock MK, Zelano B and Ober C (2002) 在假定的费洛蒙受体基因VN1R1中，存在一个错义多态性与社会性行为相关。. Nature Genetics, 30:175

*** This study demonstrates that women can discern differences in male body odor influenced by a single variance in HLA (human MHC) allele, with a woman's capacity to distinguish and prefer certain odors notably being based on HLA alleles inherited from her father and not her mother; this suggests that paternally inherited HLA-associated odors influence odor preference and might function as social cues, even despite a milieu of potential odors derived from a variety of genetic and cultural factors..

Milinski M and Wedekind C (2001) 在人类孤立群体中关于HLA、繁殖能力和配偶选择的研究. Behavioural Ecology 12(2):140-149

*** The study explores the relationship between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genotypes and perfume preferences in humans. They discovered a notable correlation between an individual's MHC (specifically HLA-A, -B, -DR) and their ratings of various scents for personal use, with certain HLA types (e.g., HLA-A2) showing consistent scent preferences. However, when it came to preferences for a partner's scent, the correlation was largely insignificant, aligning with the hypothesis that individuals select perfumes for personal use to possibly enhance or amplify their own immunogenetic revealing body odors, rather than to alter the perceived scents of their partners.

Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F And Paepke AJ (1995) 职业发展：你的类型是什么 in humans. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 260:245-249.

*** This study found that people tend to prefer the body odors of potential mates who have different immune system genes than their own, but this preference changes for women on birth control.

研究发现，精子活力与伴侣的HLA差异性相关，这表明宫颈粘液可能会选择性地促进免疫遗传相容伴侣之间的后续配子融合。.

Jokiniemi A, Magris M, Ritari J, Kuusipalo L, Lundgren T, Partanen J and Kekäläinen J (2020) 交配后遗传配对： 子宫颈粘液对人类精子功能的HLA依赖性影响 Proc Biol Sci., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1682. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

* found an increased frequency of homozygosity for HLA-E*0101 in Egyptian women with RM

Mosaad YM, Abdel-Dayem Y, El-Deek BS and El-Sherbini SM (2011) HLA-E *0101 同型合子与埃及女性反复流产的关联. Scand J Immunol. 2011 Aug;74(2):205-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02559.x.

提出了一种基因风险计算方法，可以通过分析有成功怀孕或复发性流产（RM）历史的夫妇的HLA单倍型来预测复发性流产。.

Mora-Sánchez A, Aguilar-Salvador D, Nowak I (2019) 朝着一个配子匹配平台：利用免疫遗传学和人工智能预测反复流产NPJ Digit Med Mar 7;2:12. doi: 10.1038/s41746-019-0089-x

进行了41项研究的荟萃分析，结果显示HLA-B共享和HLA-DR共享均与复发性流产的发生相关。.

Meuleman T, Lashley LE, Dekkers OM, van Lith J, Claas FH and Bloemenkamp KW (2015) HLA关联与HLA共享在反复流产中的系统评价与荟萃分析 Hum Immunol. May;76(5):362-73. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.02.004.

在与已报告的全球RSA患者比较时，发现HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C和HLA-DRB1中的等位基因存在差异性关联。.

Shankarkumar U, Pawar A, Gaonkar P, Parasannavar D, Salvi V, and Ghosh K (2008) 印度特发性复发性自然流产患者的HLA等位基因关联研究 J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008 Jan;1(1):19-24. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.39592.

描述HLA相似性在个体等位基因以及HLA单倍型之间的关系，作为Hutterite夫妇中胎儿流产风险增加的指标。.

Ober C (1999) 在人类孤立群体中关于HLA、繁殖能力和配偶选择的研究. Hum Reprod Update 5(2):103-107.

一项为期10年的研究结果表明，Hutterite夫妇在HLA抗原匹配的情况下，胎儿流产率增加。.

Ober C, Hyslop T, Elias S, Weitkamp LR, Hauck WW (1998) 人类白细胞抗原匹配与胎儿丧失：一项为期10年的前瞻性研究结果 Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Issue 1, Jan 1998, Pages 33–38

在匹配HLA-DQA1等位基因的哈特里特夫妇中，反复自发流产的发生率增加。

Ober., Steck., Ven., Billstrand., Messer., Kwak., Beaman., Beer (1993) MHC II类相容性在有反复自然流产的夫妇的流产胎儿和足月婴儿中的研究Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Volume 25, Issue 3, December 1993, Pages 195-207